Актуальні проблеми вітчизняної та всесвітньої історії

Children’s burial of the pit-grave сulture from the tumulus near Tsyrkuny village in Kharkiv region

Анна Сергіївна Аргунова — 2020-06-26

The article publishes the results of excavations of a children’s burial of the pit-graves culture (or Yamna culture), discovered by the expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine under the leadership of Ph.D. D. S. Grechko during the study of tumulus №14 near the village of Tsyrkuny, Kharkiv region. An attempt is made to comprehensively analyze the typical and atypical elements of the funeral rite for this culture, as well as to draw attention to the problems and the state of study of such monuments in the East Ukrainian forest-steppe.

The Problem of “Disappearance” of the Nabataean Tribes in the 7th – 5th centuries B.C.

Альона Сергіївна Походнякова — 2020-06-26

The article is devoted to the early period of the history of the Nabataean society, in particular, to consideration of the problem of the reasons for the lack of mention of the Nabataeans in narrative sources during the 6th – 5th centuries BC, taking account of specifics of a nomadic societies’ lifestyle. As a result of this research, a solution was proposed for the “historical” aspect of this problem, discussions about which are still being held among scientists. The author concludes that the Assyrians, faced with the Nabataeans in the 7th century BC, perceived them as an independent subject of foreign policy. It was a “nomadic” state with a king at the head, which did not imply a compulsory sedentary lifestyle, to which the Nabataeans would come only in the 2nd century BC. The need for the functioning of state structures that originated in ancient times under the influence of an external threat disappeared during the 6th – 5th centuries BC, and appeared again in the Hellenistic period. As a result of this, there was such a rapid development jump and the final formation of the Nabataean State in the 2nd century BC.

The Bosporan Kingdom in the Administrative Organisation of Mithridates’ VI Eupator Kingdom

Альона Вікторівна Протасова — 2020-06-26

The article is devoted to the analysis of hypotheses about the Bosporan Kingdom vicegerent-dioiket’s identity during the first two decades of the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator on the Bosporus through the prism of the ancient authors works, numismatics and epigraphy. Mithridates the Younger – the eldest son of the Pontic ruler Mithridates Eupator, who also was the vicegerent of Colchis at the end of his life, can be considered the most likely vicegerent of the Bosporus.

The hypothesis is confirmed by the words of Appian and coins of the Bosporan Kingdom, which have a monogram with the name of the vicegerent. An attempt was made to determine the boundaries of the strategy, which was supposedly led by Mithridates the Younger. Most likely, Mithridates the Younger was the vicegerent only of the Bosporan Kingdom itself, which is verified by numismatics. As a result of the research the following conclusions were reached: Mithridates the Younger was the vicegerent of the Bosporan Kingdom during the first two decades of the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator, the next vicegerent was Mahar – another son of Mithridates Eupator, which is confirmed in the work of the ancient historian Appian.

Spanish Florida: peoples, expeditions, and the effects of struggles and epidemics in the XVI and early XVII centuries

Костянтин Едуардович Ашрафьян — 2020-06-26

In our research work, we considered the expeditions of Ponce de Leon, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Narváez and Hernando de Soto that took place in Spanish Florida in the XVI century, as well as the situation with the Catholic missions of the Spaniards in the late XVI and early XVII centuries. We have examined evidence of the origin and consequences of various epidemics that arose with the arrival of Europeans and their penetration into the interior of America and the expansion of the borders of Spanish Florida. The conclusions that follow from the article suggest that the peoples isolated from the external penetration of Europeans were able to avoid the terrible pandemics and severe consequences of epidemics. Those peoples who had direct contact with and took an active part in the life of the Europeans and their settlements suffered greatly from the rapid extinction. We would also like to show that not only the Europeans but also the aborigines themselves, had enough diseases that periodically killed the population and caused epidemics within the aboriginal society. We would like to see further interdisciplinary research help to restore important points about the disappearance of American peoples and map the migration of indigenous tribes as a result of pandemics and epidemics.

Caricature as simulacra: the construction of images of the intelligentsia by Soviet satirical publications in 1922–1991

Оксана Миколаївна Гела — 2020-06-26

The article attempts to compare the caricature with simulacra, that is, a copy that depicts something that does not have the original in real life, or has lost it over time. It is argued that the caricature is not a reflection of existing reality, but the image of ideas. The role of simulacra in the construction of images of the intelligentsia by Soviet propaganda was shown. Simulacra, including caricatures, acted as a means of constructing the cultural, social and political reality of Soviet society. The hyperreality of such caricatures manifested in an attempt by caricaturists to create such a reality that would replace the existing one. The phases of the development of images formed are analyzed as a result of the simulation process. In particular, if the first two phases are based on objective or subjective reality, then the next two phases are based on simulation (the generation of schemes, sign systems of the real without the original and reality). Despite the fact that all phases of the image’s development periodically appear throughout the entire existence of Soviet satirical magazines, however, in the mid-1940s one can observe a gradual transition from depicting real events to generalizing, hyperbolized plots, which was recorded by the Resolution of the secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks from 1948 and 1951. The metaphor of reality that is formed as a result of simulation is, on the one hand, the official view of Soviet propaganda, because satirical magazines were the official organ of the Soviet press, and on the other hand, it was a reflection not of the author’s worldview, but of collective consciousness. In this sense, simulacra have become a universal tool, because thanks to the caricatures the understanding of reality has become more outlined.

Mass closure of churches in Kharkiv region as a part of anti-religious campaign of late 1920s – early 1930s.

Юрій Петрович Волосник — 2020-06-26

Workers’ club as a place of presentation of the Soviet regime: agitation, entertainment, games

Роман Любавський — 2020-06-26

During the 1920–1930s, Soviet power attached great importance to clubs for workers as institutions for popularizing socio-political ideas of a new way of life and educating a new person. Clubs were supposed to be the venue for specific rituals of the new social order («red weddings», etc.), an intermediary between political slogans and the workers’ world of everyday life. It was through such actions that the authorities sought to root in the public mind the idea of social practices that were markers of the behavior of the new Soviet person. Party leaders in their desire to transform all the social fabric of society in accordance with socialist principles could not rely solely on propaganda activities, ignore the human need for rest and entertainment. They were searching for plastic, streamlined forms of propaganda. It can be stated that in the 1920–1930s cultural workers of Kharkiv workers’ clubs actively used game forms of agitation to incorporate new socio-political ideals into the daily life of society. For this, previously existing games were Sovietized and new ones invented. Designers of the new Soviet culture carefully monitored the content of gaming practices, reacted to their changes. In the mid-1930s, in accordance with the change in the state concept of “culture”, some “Soviet” games that were popular in the first years after the establishment of Soviet power (for example, “political fishing rod”) were marked as “excesses” and removed from arsenal of propagandists. The Soviet government made every effort so that the games were not only and not so much entertainment, but became the means by which social initiatives were refracted into the everyday practices of society, becoming a part of people’s life.

Territorial expansion of foreign extraterritorial settlements in China (the second half of XIX – 1920’s.)

Олександр Олександрович Манохін — 2020-06-26

The article is dedicated to the consideration of the genesis of the extension policy by foreign settlements and concessions in Qing and Republican China in the context of informal imperialism. The main aspects and methods of non-state expansion of (semi-) colonial actors are characterized and the degree of dependence of their actions on the policies of the metropolitan countries is revealed. Also, article highlight relationship between consular authorities, foreign community and their self-governing institutions, native Chinese compradors and local power, what creates opportunity to understand how informal colonial policy actually was realized. In an attempt to go beyond the historiographical paradigm of describing the “century of humiliation” period in China history as a product of the purely intentions of great power governments, we can see another, “human” dimension of semi-colonial politics in its refractions on the ground. Special attention to discover distinctions between metropolitan-baked and sanctioned by non-state institutions or persons “expansion” from formal settlements borders have been given. Different types of historical sources are considered and matched in attempt to find true motives and subjects or lobbyists of expanding foreign extraterritorial enclaves territory for the period of their existence.

Reconstruction of the historical–toponymic map of Middle Pooskolye in the first quarter of the XVII century (according to the scribe book of Valuyki of 1626)

Сергій Кушнарьов — 2020-06-26

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of Middle Pooskolye’s historical-toponymic map in the first quarter of the 17th century based on materials of scribe descriptions and cartographic material of the XVII–XIX centuries. The author investigated the features of one of the regions’ economic development of Sloboda Ukraine in the early stages of its settlement. The toponyms given in one of the earliest sources of Sloboda Ukraine’s history are analyzed in the article. Based on the analysis of various sources the author made reconstruction of the initial borders of the county, designated the territory used by the fortified city for agricultural needs and showed the approximate boundaries of the monastery estates and free lands. The use of the cartographic method made it possible to see the most ancient settlements on the territory of Middle Pooskolye, to identify the location of apiaries of the service class people and directions of the roads. The author made conclusions about the uneven distribution and economic use of the territory of Middle Pooskolye in the first quarter of the 17th century, about the need to locate city residents’ estates close to fortifications.

The mechanism of mass repression in the USSR during the period of the Great Terror of 1937–1938 in the context of the «kurkul operation»

Віолетта Володимирівна Рец — 2020-06-26

The article analyzes the period of the Great Terror of 1937–1938 іn the context of the mechanism of conducting mass repressions, their regulatory framework, and also given a historical assessment of the events of the «Kurkul operation». In addition, the differences and particularities of the functioning of the enforcement bodies, the so-called deuces and triples, were investigated.

Legislative initiatives of P. M. Dobrovolsky in the Chernihiv Municipal Duma

Дар’я Михайлівна Федусь — 2020-06-26

In the article are considered activities of Peter Mikhailovich Dobrovolsky in the Chernihiv Municipal Duma based on use of a wide range of sources. The author cover events of the local self-government bodies aimed at improving the life of the local population

The activities of the city government for the public utility development of the provincial cities of Left Bank Ukraine (19 – early 20 centuries)

Анастасія Сергіївна Ховтура — 2020-06-26

The article is devoted to the study of the formation and modernization of the public utility system of provincial cities of Left Bank Ukraine late 18th – early 20th centuries. The Cossack regimental cities of the Left Bank Hetmanate-Chernihiv, Poltava and Kharkiv became the administrative centers of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century. The inclusion of these cities in the territorial structure of the empire becomes an impetus for the formation of municipal services of these cities. The functions of public utility institutions are performed by the Six-voice Duma, the police and the governor’s office during this period. These structures regulate urban space, illuminate the streets of the city and control the process of providing the population with water. The intensification of urbanization tendencies leads to the need to modernize the existing public utility complex in cities. The city government established after the 1870 City Reform is leading the process of modernizing the municipal sector. Water supply, electricity, and sewerage appeared in cities at this time. The functions of the city government changed. It focused on strategic planning for the development of the utility system. Special service centers were created to manage and maintain the facilities. The states of these structures consisted of qualified engineers and technicians who not only monitored the operation of the utility, but also provided services to the public.

Wladimir Zaloziecky and European Byzantine Studies in the first half of the 20th century

Роксолана Михайлівна Авдикович — 2020-06-26

This article deals with one aspect of Wladimir Zaloziecky’s scientific heritage – the study of Byzantine art. The survey begins with his formation as a Byzantinist while having acquired theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of art. W. Zaloziecky appealed scholars to study single artistic phenomena first and then to analyze them in the context of broader artistic trends and their interrelations. He emphasized that one should go not from generalizations to individual art objects, but to draw general conclusions after having based on the investigation separate facts. W. Zaloziecky presented the researches of Byzantine sacred architecture in the Ukrainian lands (St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, Transfiguration of the Lord Cathedral in Chernihiv). He was the first to publish his studies on the Byzantine style Galician icons (15th-17th centuries) and substantiated the relevance of their further study. W. Zaloziecky identified Dnieper Ukraine as a shield of the Byzantine foundations of culture, which was later a reservoir of traditional foundations of Ukrainian culture. Galicia is considered a unique region where Byzantine and Western cultures were in dialogue, their mutual enrichment. W. Zaloziecky revealed a positive perception of Byzantine art and appealed for more thorough studies in this area. Apart from scholarly work, he lectured at the Lviv Theological Academy, travelled to Ravenna, Constantinople, and Asia Minor. These expeditions enabled scholar to make his discoveries while directly examining art objects. W. Zaloziecky published his research results in several monographs with the special attention on byzantine tradition in the Art of the Central and Southern Europe.

«Democratic transition of Bulgaria in historiography»

Юрій Володимирович Білоусов — 2020-06-26

The article deals with works devoted to various aspects of Bulgaria’s European integration in the context of democratic transition. The goal of the article is the classification the historiographic array and identification the main features inherent in various groups of publications. The works differ not only in the profile of the authors, but also in the research methods used. Due to these circumstances, each historiography group focuses on certain aspects of transit, which ultimately allows a researcher to form an integral picture of this process. Author considers the problem in accordance with the regional geographic principle and divides historiography into 4 groups: Western, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Russian. Within the national–state framework, scientific works are considered in chronological and problematic aspects. The article concludes that Western scholars generally view Bulgaria in the general context of the region’s democratic transit. Bulgarian authors focus on governance and reform coordination, as they have the opportunity to observe the process from the inside. Ukrainian authors adhere to Euro-optimistic rhetoric. In addition to the methodological features of the presentation of the material, some authors (especially russian) are influenсed by the ideology of residence country. Therefore, in Russian historiography, authors often focus on the negative aspects of democratic transit.